Predictors of Free Sugars Intake Trajectories across Early Childhood-Results from the SMILE Birth Cohort Study.

Foods and beverages high in free sugars can displace healthier choices and increase the risk of weight gain, dental caries, and noncommunicable diseases. Little is known about the intake of free sugars across early childhood. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal intake from 1 to 5 years of free sugars and identify the independent maternal and child-related predictors of intake in a cohort of Australian children participating in the Study of Mothers' and Infants' Life Events Affecting Oral Health (SMILE). Free sugars intake (FSI) was previously estimated at 1, 2, and 5 years of age, and three distinct FSI trajectories were determined using group-based trajectory modelling analysis. This study utilized multinomial logistic regression to identify the maternal and child-related predictors of the trajectories. The risk of following the 'high and increasing' trajectory of FSI compared to the 'low and fast increasing' trajectory was inversely associated with socio-economic disadvantage (aRRR 0.83; 95% CI 0.75-0.92; p < 0.001), lower for females (aRRR 0.56; 95% CI 0.32-0.98; p = 0.042), and higher in children with two or more older siblings at birth (aRRR 2.32; 95% CI 0.99-5.42; p = 0.052). Differences in trajectories of FSI were evident from an early age and a high trajectory of FSI was associated primarily with socio-economic disadvantage, providing another example of diet quality following a social gradient.

Early Tecovirimat Treatment for Mpox Disease Among People With HIV.

Importance: Despite a lack of effectiveness data in humans, tecovirimat was widely prescribed to people with HIV (PWH) with mpox during the 2022 mpox epidemic, particularly PWH with low CD4+ T-cell counts or severe mpox clinical manifestations. Objective: To evaluate if PWH with mpox who were treated with tecovirimat within 7 days of symptom onset were less likely to have mpox disease progression. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included PWH diagnosed with mpox at 4 hospitals in Atlanta, Georgia, between June 1 and October 7, 2022. Patients were grouped according to whether they were treated with tecovirimat within 7 days of mpox symptom onset (early tecovirimat cohort) or they did not receive tecovirimat or received the drug 7 or more days after symptom onset (late or no tecovirimat cohort). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with progression of mpox disease. The 2 cohorts were then matched 1:1 using propensity scores based on the identified factors, and mpox disease progression was compared. Exposures: Treatment with tecovirimat within 7 days of mpox symptom onset. Main Outcome and Measures: Progression of mpox disease, defined as the development of at least 1 severe mpox criterion established by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, after symptom day 7. Results: After propensity score matching, a total of 112 PWH were included in the analysis; 56 received tecovirimat within 7 days of mpox symptom onset (early tecovirimat group) and 56 were either treated later or did not receive tecovirimat (late or no tecovirimat group). In the early tecovirimat group, the median (IQR) age was 35 (30-42) years; 54 individuals (96.4%) were cisgender men, 46 (82.1%) were Black individuals, and 10 (17.9%) were individuals of other races (American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, or White) or unknown race. In the late or no tecovirimat group, the median (IQR) age was 36 (32-43) years; 54 (96.4%) were cisgender men, 49 (87.5%) were Black individuals, and 7 (12.5%) were individuals of other races or unknown race. Mpox disease progression occurred in 3 PWH (5.4%) in the early tecovirimat group and in 15 PWH (26.8%) in the late or no tecovirimat group (paired odds ratio, 13.00 [95% CI, 1.71-99.40]; P = .002). Conclusion and Relevance: Results of this cohort study support starting tecovirimat in all PWH as soon as an mpox diagnosis is suspected. Additional research is warranted to confirm these findings.

Mapping breastfeeding and COVID-19 related content and engagement on Facebook: Results from an online social listening study.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: The COVID-19 pandemic has seen evidence and advice evolve quickly. Since the start of the pandemic there has been confusion and concern about breastfeeding and COVID-19, and advice for this group has at times been contradictory. The volume of information on social media has exacerbated this. This study aimed to understand breastfeeding-related COVID-19 information sharing on social media during the global and Australian vaccine roll-out. METHODS: The CrowdTangle platform was used to source data from December 2020 to December 2021. Posts were categorised to intent and source and mapped to a timeline of pandemic-related events and announcements. Descriptive analysis was used to understand data distribution patterns and qualitative analysis for post-intent. RESULTS: A total of 945 posts were included. Post-interactions ranged from 0 to 6500. Vaccine-related posts were the highest in number and increased over time. Non-profit organisations shared the highest number of posts (n = 241), but interactions were highest with personal and government accounts. Peaks in posts and interactions mapped to key pandemic-related announcements and events. CONCLUSION: These results describe the breastfeeding and COVID-19 related content shared on Facebook over 13 months, and the associated interactions. Breastfeeding is an important public health issue and breastfeeding women have experienced conflicting and confusing breastfeeding-related information during the COVID-19 pandemic. Better understanding of social media usage, and the monitoring of changes in usage, as an emergency unfolds, can help target communications. This article adds to the evidence in understanding user reactions to COVID-19 related breastfeeding information on social media. SO WHAT?: Social listening is an important part of health communication and infodemic management. Understanding how users react to and engage with COVID-19 related breastfeeding information on social media can help to understand how the general public perceives and responds to health advice and other information being shared.

Associations between HIV and Severe Mpox in an Atlanta Cohort.

BACKGROUND: In the Southeastern U.S., the 2022 mpox outbreak disproportionately impacted people who are Black and people with HIV (PWH). METHODS: We analyzed a cohort of 395 individuals diagnosed with mpox across three healthcare systems in Atlanta, Georgia between 6/1/2022 and 10/7/2022. We present demographic and clinical characteristics and use multivariable logistic regression analyses to evaluate the association between HIV status and severe mpox (per the U.S. CDC definition) and, among PWH, the associations between CD4+ T cell count and HIV viral load with severe mpox. RESULTS: Of 395 people diagnosed with mpox, 384 (97.2%) were cisgender men, 335 (84.8%) identified as Black, and 324 (82.0%) were PWH. Of 257 PWH with a known HIV viral load, 90 (35.0%) were > 200 copies/mL. Severe mpox occurred in 77 (19.5%) individuals and there was 1 (0.3%) death. Tecovirimat was prescribed to 112 (28.4%) people, including 56 (72.7%) people with severe mpox. In the multivariable analysis of the total population, PWH had 2.52 times higher odds of severe mpox (95% CI 1.01-6.27) compared with people without HIV. In the multivariable analysis of PWH, individuals with HIV viral load > 200 copies/mL had 2.10 (95% CI 1.00-4.39) times higher odds of severe mpox than PWH who were virologically suppressed. Lower CD4+ T cell count showed a significant univariate association with severe mpox but was not found to be significantly associated with severe mpox in multivariable analysis. Lower CD4+ T cell count showed a significant univariate association with severe mpox but was not found to be significantly associated with severe mpox in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: PWH with non-suppressed HIV viral loads had more mpox complications, hospitalizations, and protracted disease courses than people without HIV or PWH with suppressed viral loads. PWH with non-suppressed HIV viral loads who are diagnosed with mpox warrant particularly aggressive monitoring and treatment.

Development and internal validation of the SMILE-FSS: a Free Sugars Screener for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and internally validate a Free Sugars Screener (FSS) for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years. DESIGN: Using data collected from a ninety-nine-item (2-year-olds) and ninety-eight-item (5-year-olds) FFQ in the Study of Mothers' and Infants' Life Events affecting oral health (SMILE-FFQ), a regression-based prediction modelling approach was employed to identify a subset of items that accurately estimate total free sugars intake (FSI). The predictors were grams of free sugars (FSg) for individual items in the SMILE-FFQ and child's age and sex. The outcome variable was total FSI per person. To internally validate the SMILE-FSS items, the estimated FSg was converted to percent energy from free sugars (%EFS) for comparison to the WHO free sugars guideline categories (< 5 %, 5-< 10 % and ≥ 10 %EFS) using cross-classification analysis. SETTING: Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 858 and 652 2- and 5-year-old children, respectively, with complete dietary (< 5 % missing) and sociodemographic data. RESULTS: Twenty-two and twenty-six items were important in predicting FSI at 2 and 5 years, respectively. Items were similar between ages with more discretionary beverage items (e.g. sugar-sweetened beverages) at 5 years. %EFS was overestimated by 4·4 % and 2·6 %. Most children (75 % and 82 %) were categorised into the same WHO free sugars category with most (87 % and 95 %) correctly identified as having < 10 %EFS in line with the WHO recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The SMILE-FSS has good internal validity and can be used in research and practice to estimate young Australian children's FSI and compare to the WHO free sugars guidelines to identify those 'at risk'.

Innovating fire safety with recombinant hydrophobic proteins for textile fire retardancy.

Fire retardancy for textiles is important to prevent the rapid spread of fire and minimize damage to property and harm to human life. To infer fire-resistance on textile materials such as cotton or nylon, chemical coatings are often used. These chemicals are usually toxic, and economically and environmentally unsustainable, however, some naturally produced protein-based fire retardants could be an alternative. A biofilm protein from Bacillus subtilis (BslA) was identified and recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli with a double cellulose binding domain. It was then applied to a range of natural and synthetic fabric materials. A flame retardancy test found that use of BslA reduced fire damage by up to 51% and would pass fire retardancy testing according to British standards. It is therefore a viable and sustainable alternative to current industrial fire-retardant coatings.

BioKnit: development of mycelium paste for use with permanent textile formwork.

This paper presents significant advances in mycelium biofabrication using permanent knitted textile formwork and a new substrate formulation to dramatically improve the mechanical properties of mycelium-textile biocomposites suitable for large-scale components for use in construction. The paper outlines the biofabrication process, detailing the composition of mycocrete, a viscous mycelium substrate developed for use with permanent knitted formwork, and the injection process required to regulate the filling of slender tubes of fabric with mycocrete. The use of a permanent integrated knitted formwork shows promise as a composite system for use with mycelium to improve mechanical performance and enable complex shapes to be fabricated for lightweight construction. Results of mechanical testing show dramatic improvements in tensile, compressive and flexural strength and stiffness compared to conventional mycelium composites. The testing demonstrates the importance of both the mycocrete paste recipe and the knitted textile formwork. In addition, the paper highlights the advantages of the proposed biofabrication system with reference to the BioKnit prototype: a 1.8 m high freestanding arched dome composed of very slender biohybrid knit-mycelium tubes. This prototype demonstrates the opportunity to utilize the potential for lightweight construction and complex form offered by a textile formwork with low environmental impact mycelium biomaterials. The combination of textiles and mycelium present a compelling new class of textile biohybrid composite materials for new applications within the construction sector.

A pilot phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to explore the antiviral activity, clinical outcomes, safety, and tolerability of rilematovir at two dose levels in non-hospitalized adults with respiratory syncytial virus infection.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the antiviral effect, clinical outcomes, and safety of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion inhibitor rilematovir in non-hospitalized RSV-infected adults. METHODS: This phase 2a, double-blind, multicentre study randomly assigned RSV-positive adult outpatients ≤5 days from symptom onset 1:1:1 to receive rilematovir 500 mg, 80 mg, or placebo once-daily for 7 days. Antiviral effect was assessed by RSV RNA viral load (VL), measured by quantitative RT-PCR, and Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates of time to undetectable VL. Clinical course was assessed by KM estimates of median time to resolution of key RSV symptoms assessed through patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS: RSV-positive patients (n = 72) were randomly assigned; 66 had confirmed RSV infection and received rilematovir 500 mg (n = 23), 80 mg (n = 21) or placebo (n = 22). Differences versus placebo in mean RSV RNA VL area under the curve (90% CI) through days 3, 5 and 8, respectively, were 0.09 (-0.837; 1.011), -0.10 (-2.171; 1.963), and -1.03 (-4.746; 2.682) log10 copies.day/mL for rilematovir 500 mg, and 1.25 (0.291; 2.204), 2.53 (0.430; 4.634), and 3.85 (0.097; 7.599) log10 copies.day/mL for rilematovir 80 mg. KM estimates of median (90% CI) time-to-first confirmed undetectable VL were 5.9 (3.85; 6.90), 8.0 (6.86; 12.80) and 7.0 (6.62; 10.88) days and 5.7 (2.93; 7.01), 8.1 (6.74; 12.80) and 7.9 (6.62; 11.74) days in patients with symptom onset ≤3 days, for rilematovir 500 mg, 80 mg, and placebo, respectively. KM estimates of median (90% CI) time to resolution of key RSV symptoms were 7.1 (5.03; 11.43), 7.6 (5.93; 8.32), and 9.6 (5.95; 14.00) days for rilematovir 500 mg, 80 mg, and placebo, respectively; and in patients with symptom onset ≤3 days, median 8.0, 7.6, and 11.8 days, respectively. DISCUSSION: Rilematovir use, initiated early, suggests a potential clinical benefit in RSV-infected adults, with data supporting development of RSV therapeutic options. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03379675).

Biohybrids: Textile fibres provide scaffolds and highways for microbial translocation.

Introduction: Living materials (biohybrids, textile-microbial hybrids, hybrid living materials) have gained much attention in recent years with enormous potential for applications in biomedical science, the built environment, construction and architecture, drug delivery and as environmental biosensors. Living materials contain matrices which incorporate microorganisms or biomolecules as the bioactive components. A cross-disciplinary approach, operating at the intersection of creative practice and scientific research, incorporated textile technology and microbiology to demonstrate textile fibres providing microbial scaffolds and highways during this study. Methods: The study evolved from previous research which showed bacteria utilising the water layer surrounding fungal mycelium for motility, termed the 'fungal highway', which led to the investigation of the directional dispersal of microbes across a range of fibre types (natural and synthetic). The application of the study centred around the potential for biohybrids to be used as a biotechnology to improve oil bioremediation through seeding of hydrocarbon-degrading microbes into polluted environments via fungal or fibre highways, therefore treatments in the presence of crude oil were tested. Furthermore, from a design perspective, textiles have huge potential to act as a conduit for water and nutrients, essential to sustain microorganisms within living materials. Using the moisture absorption properties of natural fibres, the research explored how to engineer variable liquid absorption rates using cellulosics and wool to produce shape-changing knitted fabrics suitable for adaptation to oil spill capture. Results: At a cellular scale, confocal microscopy provided evidence to show that bacteria were able to utilise a water layer surrounding the fibres, supporting the hypothesis that fibres can aid bacterial translocation through their use as 'fibre highways'. A motile bacterial culture, Pseudomonas putida, was shown to translocate around a liquid layer surrounding polyester, nylon, and linen fibres, yet no evidence of translocation was apparent on silk or wool fibres, suggesting microbes elicit different responses to specific fibre types. Findings showed that translocation activity around highways did not diminish in the presence of crude oil, known to contain an abundance of toxic compounds, in comparison to oil-free controls. A design series demonstrated the growth of fungal mycelium (Pleurotus ostreatus) through knitted structures, highlighting the ability for natural fabrics to provide a scaffold to support microbial communities whilst retaining the ability to undergo environmentally responsive shape-change. A final prototype, Ebb&Flow, demonstrated the potential to scale up the responsive capacities of the material system using locally produced UK wool. The prototype conceptualised both the uptake of a hydrocarbon pollutant by fibres, and the translocation of microbes along fibre highways. Discussion: The research works towards facilitating the translation of fundamental science and design into biotechnological solutions that can be used in real world applications.

Evaluation of symptoms in respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults: psychometric evaluation of the Respiratory Infection Intensity and Impact Questionnaire™ symptom scores.

BACKGROUND: The Respiratory Infection Intensity and Impact Questionnaire (RiiQ™) is a patient-reported outcome measure designed to assess symptoms and impacts of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. This study evaluated the construct validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the RiiQ™ Respiratory and Systemic Symptoms Scale scores. METHODS: Prospective data were analyzed from a total of 1795 participants, including from non-hospitalized patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and no coinfections enrolled in a Phase 2b RSV vaccine study (RSV-positive: n = 60; RSV-negative: n = 1615), and two observational studies of patients hospitalized with RSV (n = 20; n = 100). Descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), test-retest intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), construct validity correlations (between a clinician-assessed clinical questionnaire and the RiiQ™ symptoms scale), known-groups validity, and responsiveness (correlations of change scores) were evaluated. RESULTS: Mean patient age ranged from 66.5 to 71.5 years and the majority of patients were female. Initial assessments in the vaccine trial (ARI Day 1) were suggestive of less severe illness than in the observational studies with hospitalized patients. CFA loadings (> 0.40) supported summary scores. ICCs exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.70 supported test-retest reliability for Respiratory and Systemic Symptoms, except in the small observational study. At the scale level, correlations were moderate to strong (|r| ≥ 0.3) and positive between the Respiratory Symptoms Scale and the related clinical questionnaire scores, reflecting measurement of similar symptoms in support of convergent validity. Correlations with change in Patient Global Impression of Severity > 0.30 supported responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Psychometric tests applied to the RiiQ™ Symptoms scales provide evidence of its reliability, construct validity, discriminating ability, and responsiveness for use in clinical studies to assess the onset and severity of RSV symptoms.

Achieving reductions in the unmet need for contraception with postpartum family planning counselling in Ethiopia, 2019-2020: a national longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: An unmet need for contraception is associated with unintended pregnancy and adverse maternal and childhood outcomes. Family planning counselling is linked with reduced unmet need for contraception. However, evidence is lacking in Ethiopia on the impact of integrated family planning counselling on the unmet need for contraception. This study aimed to examine the association between family planning counselling and the unmet need for contraception in Ethiopia. METHODS: We used community-based prospective cohort study data from a nationally representative survey conducted by Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia between 2019 and 2020. Women who had received three maternal and child health (MCH) services (n = 769) - antenatal care (ANC), facility delivery and child immunisation - were included in this study. The primary exposure variable was family planning counselling provided during the different MCH services. A weighted modified Poisson regression model was used to estimate the adjusted relative risk (aRR) of the unmet need for contraception. RESULTS: The prevalence of family planning counselling during ANC, prior to discharge, and child immunisation was 22%, 28%, and 28%, respectively. Approximately one-third (34%) of the women had an unmet need for contraception. Family planning counselling prior to discharge from the facility was associated with reductions in the unmet need for contraception (aRR 0.88; 95% CI 0.67, 1.16). The risk of unmet need for contraception was 31% (aRR 0.69; 95% CI 0.48, 0.98) less likely among women who had received family planning counselling during child immunisation services. However, family planning counselling during ANC was associated with an increased unmet need for contraception (aRR 1.24; 95% CI 0.93, 1.64). CONCLUSION: Strongest evidence was observed for moderate associations between reductions in the unmet need for contraception and family planning counselling during the provision of child immunisation services in Ethiopia.

Effectiveness of a food literacy and positive feeding practices program for parents of 0 to 5 years olds in Western Australia.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: Lifelong eating behaviours are established in childhood. Improving parents' food literacy skills is essential, as parents play a fundamental role in establishing their children's healthy eating behaviours and preferences for nutritious food. This paper describes the development and evaluation of an innovative program that combines food literacy with positive parent feeding practices, targeting parents in disadvantaged areas of Western Australia. METHODS: The Food Sensations® for Parents five-week program was delivered to participants from community-based parenting organisations during 2020 and 2021. Formative research and a pre-post evaluation design were adopted. RESULTS: Pre- and post-evaluation data were collected from 224 participants (96% female). There was a statistically significant improvement in the mean score for 13 food literacy behaviours, 10 positive parenting feeding practices and a mean increase in parents' daily vegetable intake of 1/3 serve. Participants reported significantly greater net improvements in food literacy behaviours than feeding practices, the largest being the Use a nutrition information panel to make food choices (33.1%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses found English as a first language, being older than 35, and from a higher Socio-Economic Index for Areas resulted in a higher likelihood of positive changes in behaviours and practices. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the program is effective in improving the frequency of use of food literacy behaviours, positive parenting feeding practices and increasing vegetable consumption. SO WHAT?: Analysing improvements in food literacy behaviours and feeding practices provides clarity on what change can be expected with a five-week parent program.

Trajectories of child free sugars intake and dental caries - a population-based birth cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between trajectories of free sugars intake during the first five years of life and dental caries experience at five years. METHODS: Data from the SMILE population-based prospective birth cohort study, collected at one, two and five years old, were used. A 3-days dietary diary and food frequency questionnaire were used to estimate free sugars intake (FSI) in grams. The primary outcomes were dental caries prevalence and experience (dmfs). The Group-Based Trajectory Modelling method was used to characterize three FSI trajectories ('Low and increasing'; 'Moderate and increasing'; and 'High and increasing'), which were the main exposures. Multivariable regression models were generated to compute adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) and rate ratios (ARR) for the exposure, controlling for socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries was 23.3%, with a mean dmfs of 1.4, and a median of 3.0 among those who had caries. There were clear gradients of caries prevalence and experience by the FSI trajectories. The 'High and increasing' had an APR of 2.13 (95%CI 1.23-3.70) and ARR of 2.77 (95%CI 1.45-5.32) against the 'Low and increasing'. The 'Moderate and increasing' group had intermediate estimates. A quarter of the caries cases could have been prevented if the whole study sample had been in the 'Low and increasing' FSI trajectory. CONCLUSION: A sustained, high trajectory of FSI from a young age was positively associated with child dental caries. Measures to minimise consumption of free sugars must commence early in life. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The study has provided high level evidence to inform clinicians' decisions in promoting a healthy dietary pattern for young children.

Investigating Maternal Perspectives of Breastfeeding Support Targeted Towards Fathers in the Milk Man Mobile App Intervention.

BACKGROUND: The support of her infant's father is one of the most important factors influencing a mother's breastfeeding success, and an increasing number of interventions are targeted towards fathers. Engaging fathers as agents to influence a maternal behavior is potentially problematic, yet few studies report on maternal experiences. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore mothers' perspectives of their partners' use of Milk Man, a father-focused breastfeeding smartphone app, and the acceptability of this approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: New mothers (N = 459) whose partners had access to the app completed a questionnaire at six weeks postpartum. These data were used to determine knowledge, use and perspectives of the app. A sentiment analysis was conducted on responses to an open-ended question seeking maternal perspectives of the app. RESULTS: Just over a quarter of mothers (28%) had been shown something from the app, and 37% had discussed something from Milk Man with their partner. There were 162 open-ended responses related to mothers' perspectives of the app. Relevant responses (n = 129) were coded to an overall sentiment node and then to a total of 23 child nodes (sub-nodes). Most comments were positive (94), with a smaller number either negative (25) or neutral (21). Negative comments related to the usability of the app and not its intent or content. CONCLUSION: Mothers found the father-focussed breastfeeding app to be acceptable. When designing interventions targeting one group to affect the behaviour of another, inclusion of measures to gain the perspectives of both should be seen as an imperative.

Public Health Response to Clusters of Rapid HIV Transmission Among Hispanic or Latino Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men - Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, 2021-2022.

During February 2021-June 2022, the Georgia Department of Public Health (GDPH) detected five clusters of rapid HIV transmission concentrated among Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in metropolitan Atlanta. The clusters were detected through routine analysis of HIV-1 nucleotide sequence data obtained through public health surveillance (1,2). Beginning in spring 2021, GDPH partnered with health districts with jurisdiction in four metropolitan Atlanta counties (Cobb, DeKalb, Fulton, and Gwinnett) and CDC to investigate factors contributing to HIV spread, epidemiologic characteristics, and transmission patterns. Activities included review of surveillance and partner services interview data,† medical chart reviews, and qualitative interviews with service providers and Hispanic MSM community members. By June 2022, these clusters included 75 persons, including 56% who identified as Hispanic, 96% who reported male sex at birth, 81% who reported male-to-male sexual contact, and 84% of whom resided in the four metropolitan Atlanta counties. Qualitative interviews identified barriers to accessing HIV prevention and care services, including language barriers, immigration- and deportation-related concerns, and cultural norms regarding sexuality-related stigma. GDPH and the health districts expanded coordination, initiated culturally concordant HIV prevention marketing and educational activities, developed partnerships with organizations serving Hispanic communities to enhance outreach and services, and obtained funding for a bilingual patient navigation program with academic partners to provide staff members to help persons overcome barriers and understand the health care system. HIV molecular cluster detection can identify rapid HIV transmission among sexual networks involving ethnic and sexual minority groups, draw attention to the needs of affected populations, and advance health equity through tailored responses that address those needs.

Development, psychometric assessment, and predictive validity of a breastfeeding subjective norms scale among an Australian prospective cohort of first-time parents.

OBJECTIVES: Breastfeeding has a number of benefits for both mothers and their infants. Research has examined the psychosocial influences on breastfeeding, yielding important findings in relation to particular constructs that play a significant role in this vital health behaviour. One such construct is subjective norms. However, there are mixed findings in relation to the role of subjective norms in breastfeeding behaviours. This may be due to the lack of consistent measure of subjective norms across studies. Further, the influence of fathers' subjective norms on breastfeeding continuation remains unclear due to a lack of measurement. Thus, the aim of the current study was to develop and assess a reliable and valid subjective norms scale specific to breastfeeding for use among both mothers and fathers. DESIGN/METHODS: Subjective norms items were developed by researchers in the domain and were tested among 949 couples. RESULTS: Findings indicated that both subjective norms scales had excellent reliability, construct validity, and predictive validity. It was also found that both the mothers' and fathers' subjective norms scales tapped into two key structures: breastfeeding in general, and breastfeeding in public. Further, maternal subjective norms were predictive of breastfeeding behaviours but not paternal subjective norms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the developed subjective norms scales are reliable and valid and capture key elements of breastfeeding subjective norms among both mothers and fathers. Use of this measure in future research can help better understand the role of both mothers' and fathers' subjective norms in influencing breastfeeding behaviours.

Australian Consumers' Attitudes towards Sustainable Diet Practices Regarding Food Waste, Food Processing, and the Health Aspects of Diet: A Cross Sectional Survey.

Environmentally sustainable diets are increasingly aspired to in food-based dietary guidelines across the world. However, little is known about consumer attitudes toward these diets when making food decisions. This study aimed to identify the demographic characteristics of Australian adults based on the level of attention they paid to the healthfulness of their diet, their consideration of the level of food processing, and their concern about household food waste and sustainable packaging disposal. Adults aged from 18 to over 75 years (n = 540) were surveyed online. Thirty-seven percent were concerned about sustainable food waste, 28% considered the level of food processing when making food decisions, and 23% paid attention to the healthfulness of the food they ate. Adults who had higher educational attainment (above Year 12) were twice as likely to be concerned about food waste and sustainable packaging disposal (odds ratio (OR) = 2.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-3.4), and processing levels (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.23-3.42) (controlling for age and gender). Those earning an income over AUD$100,000 were twice as likely to pay attention to the healthfulness of their food choices than those earning less than AUD$50,000 (OR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.28-3.74). Only 9% percent were concerned about or paid attention to all three of the components of healthy sustainable diets investigated, and 45% paid no attention and were not concerned about all three components. These findings suggest there is a need to educate the public to raise awareness of and concern for healthy, minimally processed, and sustainable food choices.

Biofilm inspired fabrication of functional bacterial cellulose through ex-situ and in-situ approaches.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been explored for use in a range of applications including tissue engineering and textiles. BC can be produced from waste streams, but sustainable approaches are needed for functionalisation. To this end, BslA, a B. subtilis biofilm protein was produced recombinantly with and without a cellulose binding module (CBM) and the cell free extract was used to treat BC either ex-situ, through drip coating or in-situ, by incorporating during fermentation. The results showed that ex-situ modified BC increased the hydrophobicity and water contact angle reached 120°. In-situ experiments led to a BC film morphological change and mechanical testing demonstrated that addition of BslA with CBM resulted in a stronger, more elastic material. This study presents a nature inspired approach to functionalise BC using a biofilm hydrophobin, and we demonstrate that recombinant proteins could be effective and sustainable molecules for functionalisation of BC materials.

Pairwise approach for analysis and reporting of child's free sugars intake from a birth cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The prospective cohort design is an important research design, but a common challenge is missing data. The purpose of this study is to compare three approaches to managing missing data, the pairwise (n = 1386 children), the partial or modified pairwise (n = 1019) and the listwise (n = 546), to characterize the trajectories of children's free sugars intake (FSI) across early childhood. METHODS: By applying the Group-based Trajectory Model Technique to three waves of data collected from a prospective cohort study of South Australian children, this study examined the three approaches in managing missing data to validate and discuss children's FSI trajectories. RESULTS: Each approach identified three distinct trajectories of child's FSI from 1 to 5 years of age: (1) 'low and fast increasing', (2) 'moderate and increasing' and (3) 'high and increasing'. The trajectory memberships were consistent across the three approaches, and were for the pairwise scenario (1) 15.1%, (2) 68.3% and (3) 16.6%; the partial or modified pairwise (1) 15.9%, (2) 64.1% and (3) 20.0%; and the listwise (1) 14.9%, (2) 64.9% and (3) 20.2% of children. CONCLUSIONS: Given the comparability of the findings across the analytical approaches and the samples' characteristics between baseline and across different data collection waves, it is recommended that the pairwise approach be used in future analyses to optimize the sample size and statistical power when examining the relationship between FSI in the first years of life and health outcome such as dental caries.